ANNALES Piran 2012 du 19e CONGRÈS de l'ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l'HISTOIRE du VERRE ANNALES du 19e CONGRÈS de l'ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l'HISTOIRE du VERRE Piran 2012 Editor Irena LAZAR Editorial Committee Anastassios Antonaras Zrinka Buljević Anne DePury Gysel Sylvia Fünfschilling Despina Ignatiadou Caroline M. Jackson Teresa Medici Luciana Mandruzzato Marie-Dominique Nenna Paloma Pastor Marianne E. Stern KOPER 2015 ANNALES du 19e CONGRÈS de l'ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l'HISTOIRE du VERRE (Piran, 17th – 21st September 2012) Edited by / Uredila: Irena Lazar Editorial Committee / Uredniški odbor zbornika: Anastassios Antonaras, Zrinka Buljević, Anne DePury Gysel, Sylvia Fünfschilling, Despina Ignatiadou, Caroline M. Jackson, Teresa Medici, Luciana Mandruzzato, Marie-Dominique Nenna, Paloma Pastor, Marianne Stern ANNALES MEDITERANEI Serial Editor: Editorial Board: Proof-reading: Technical editors: Computer layout: Cover design: Printed by: No. of copies: Publisher: Alenka Tomaž Katja Hrobat Virloget, Boris Kavur, Irena Lazar, Zrinka Mileusnić, Gregor Pobežin, Katarina Šmid, Alenka Tomaž Sophie Burton Pogledich (English), Ana Zwitter Vitez (French) Katarina Šmid, Tina Kompare Andreja Izlakar Andreja Izlakar, Tina Pregelj Skrt Present d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenia 350 AIHV Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre International Association for the History of Glass http://www.aihv.org Secretariat: Museum of Byzantine Culture, 54640 Thessaloniki, Greece © AIHV and authors ISBN: 978-90-72290-05-2 Cover photo: Glass beads from prehistoric graves in Novo Mesto – Kapiteljska njiva; Dolenjski muzej Novo mesto, Slovenia (see Križ, Guštin in this volume, p. 48). CONTENTS PREFACE – Sylvia Fünfschilling AVANT-PROPOS – Sylvia Fünfschilling VORWORT – Sylvia Fünfschilling 9 11 13 2nd – 1st millennium BCE / Bronze Age / Iron Age Glass BELLINTANI Paolo BRONZE AGE VITREOUS MATERIALS IN ITALY 15 NICHOLSON Paul T., JACKSON Caroline M. AN 18TH DYNASTY GLASS CHALICE FROM GUROB, EGYPT 22 NENNA Marie-Dominique LE MOBILIER RELIGIEUX EN BOIS INCRUSTÉ DE VERRE DES TEMPLES ÉGYPTIENS: NOUVELLES DONNÉES (VIIE AV. J.-C. – IER SIÈCLE APR. J.-C.) 30 BLEČIĆ KAVUR Martina, KAVUR Boris THE GAME OF GLASS BEADS IN THE ATTIRE OF THE CULTURES OF CAPUT ADRIAE AND ITS HINTERLAND 39 KRIŽ Borut, GUŠTIN Mitja PREHISTORIC GLASS FROM NOVO MESTO / SLOVENIA 48 ARLETTI Rossella, BELLESIA Sonia, NENNA Marie-Dominique CORE-FORMED GLASS CONTAINERS FOUND ON RHODES (END OF THE 6th – 5th CENTURY BC). CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 55 Hellenistic Glass READE Wendy J., JONES Janet, PRIVAT Karen MEDITERRANEAN GROUPS I AND II CORE-FORMED VESSELS FROM THE FIRST MILLENNIUM BC GORDION. COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES 65 STAMPOLIDIS Nikolaos 75 A “HOMERIC” GLASS OBJECT FROM THE NECROPOLIS OF ELEUTHERNA, CRETE AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 IGNATIADOU Despina EARLY GLASS IN METHONE 81 ARVEILLER DULONG Véronique UNE COUPE HELLÉNISTIQUE AU LOUVRE. UNE DECOUVERTE 89 Roman Glass ANTONARAS Anastassios, KERAMARIS Anastassios EVIDENCE ON THE SEALING OF GLASS GLOBES (ISINGS FORM 10) A SHORT NOTE 94 GANIO Monica, BOYEN Sara, BREMS Dieter, GIANNINI Rita, SHORTLAND Andrew, VANHAECKE Franck, DEGRYSE Patrick, 'TRUE' ROMAN GLASS. EVIDENCE FOR PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN ITALY 98 JACKSON Caroline M., COTTAM Sally, LAZAR Irena THE GREEN, GREEN GLASS OF ROME 109 FONTAINE HODIAMONT Chantal DANS L'ESPACE ET LE TEMPS, DIFFUSION D'UN PETIT DAMIER ANTIQUE EN VERRE MOSAÏQUÉ 118 PAYNTER Sarah, KEARNS Thérèse, COOL Hilary HOW GLASS WAS COLOURED IN THE ROMAN WORLD, BASED ON THE GLASS CAKES AND TESSERAE FROM ESSEX, ENGLAND 127 BARBERA Maria ROMAN GLASS FROM THE AREA OF NORA (CAGLIARI, SARDINIA) 134 COTTAM Sally GLASS FROM AN EARLY 2ND CENTURY AD WELL DEPOSIT AT BARZAN, SOUTH WEST FRANCE 144 LIERKE Rosemarie MANUFACTURING MARKS AND THE PERSUASIVE POWER OF REPLICAS 151 ŠTEFANAC Berislav MANUFACTURERS’ MARKS ON THE UNGUENT BOTTLES FROM THE ROMAN PROVINCE OF DALMATIA 159 BULJEVIĆ Zrinka THE SMALL GLASS BOAT FROM SALONA 167 DA CRUZ Mário, SÁNCHEZ DE PRADO Maria Dolores GLASS WORKING SITES IN HISPANIA: WHAT WE KNOW 178 DÉVAI Kata THE SECONDARY GLASS WORKSHOP IN THE CIVIL TOWN OF BRIGETIO 188 4 AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 DEMIERRE PRIKHODKINE Brigitte 198 LE VERRE DÉCOUVERT DANS LES THERMES ROMAINS D'ERÉTRIE (EUBÉE, GRÈCE) ISRAELI Yael, KATSNELSON Natalya A FOREIGN FAMILY'S TOMB? RECONSIDERING THE GLASS FINDS FROM GEVA–ABU SHUSHA 207 STERN E. Marianne SENTIA SECUNDA AND SARAPODORA 215 AGOSTINO Angelo, BARELLO Federico, PANERO Elisa PRECIOUS GLASS FROM PIEDMONT: THE CASE OF THE PYXIS OF FORUM VIBII – CABURRUM 222 FUJII Yasuko A STUDY ON THE ROMAN ENGRAVED GLASS BOWL WITH A DIONYSIAC MOTIF IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN CULTURE CENTER IN JAPAN 228 ROFFIA Elisabetta VASES GRAVÉS À DÉCOR GÉOMETRIQUE À BRIXIA (ITALIE) 234 SILVANO Flora GLASS PRODUCTION IN ANTINOOPOLIS, EGYPT 244 KAISARLIS George, PAPAGEORGIOU Metaxia, PROVATIDIS Christopher DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTION OF A ROMAN BIRD-SHAPED GLASS VESSEL FROM PATRAS IN 3D CAD ENVIRONMENT 250 UBOLDI Marina GLASS VESSELS AND OBJECTS FROM RECENT EXCAVATIONS IN MILAN. THE ROMAN BURIAL GROUND IN VIA MADRE CABRINI 257 VOMER GOJKOVIČ Mojca GLASS FINDS FROM POETOVIO GRAVE AT LJUDSKI VRT 264 Late Roman Glass SIMON Laure VERRES DU BAS-EMPIRE À VANNES (MORBIHAN, FRANCE) : LES DÉCOUVERTES DU IVE SIÈCLE DU SITE DE LA PLACE DES LICES 271 MILAVEC Tina LATE ANTIQUE GLASS IN SLOVENIA 277 LELJAK Mia GLASS VESSELS FROM THE LATE ROMAN CEMETERY AT ŠTRBINCI (CROATIA) 286 ANTONARAS Anastassios, CHRYSOSTOMOU Anastasia A SECONDARY GLASS WORKSHOP IN ANCIENT EDESSA 293 5 AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 ERTEN Emel, GENÇLER GURAY Çiğdem GLASS FINDS FROM VILLA-A IN ZEUGMA, GAZIANTEP – TURKEY 304 DIANI Maria Grazia, INVERNIZZI Rosanina SÉPULTURE À INHUMATION AVEC DÉPOSITION DE VERRES DE LAUMELLUM DE L'ANTIQUITÉ TARDIVE (PAVIE – ITALIE DU NORD). FOUILLES 2008 314 PEROVIĆ Šime PRESENT STATE OF RESEARCH OF THE LATE ROMAN GLASS FINDS IN DALMATIA 320 UBOLDI Marina GLASS IN MILAN FROM ROMAN TIMES TO LATE ANTIQUITY 329 Byzantine Glass KRIŽANAC Milica 5TH˗6TH CENTURY GLASS IN SERBIA AND TERRITORY OF KOSOVO 337 CANAV-ÖZGÜMÜŞ Üzlifat, KANYAK Serra RECENT GLASS FINDS FROM PANTOCRATOR CHURCH IN ISTANBUL 350 STRATIS A. John, NAZLIS Ioannis A. A STUDY OF PROTO-BYZANTINE GLASS FRAGMENTS FROM PHILIPPI, NORTHERN GREECE, USING ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY 357 BELGIOVINE Elena THE GLASS OF TERME MILANO AT GORTYNA (CRETE) 361 CINGOLANI Soia, PERNA Roberto LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE GLASS FROM HADRIANOPOLIS (SOUTHERN ALBANIA) 368 Post Roman Glass MEEK Andrew, MARZINZIK Sonja THE DISCOVERY OF COBALT COLOURANT RAW MATERIALS AS INCLUSIONS WITHIN ANGLO-SAXON GLASS BEADS 376 Medieval Glass LOUIS Aurore LES RÉCIPIENTS EN VERRE DES INHUMATIONS DE L'ANTIQUITÉ TARDIVE ET DU HAUT MOYEN AGE EN PICARDIE (FRANCE) 381 STAŠŠÍKOVÁ-ŠTUKOVSKÁ Danica, PLŠKO Alfonz 389 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FINDINGS OF SEGMENTED BEADS IN SKELETON GRAVES FROM THE REGION OF MIDDLE DANUBE DATED TO 7TH–11TH CENTURIES 6 AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 SEDLÁČKOVÁ Hedvika, KOÓŠOVÁ Petra, LESÁK Branislav MEDIEVAL GLASS IN BRATISLAVA (ca 1200–1550) 400 VALIULINA Svetlana EARLY ISLAMIC GLASS OF THE VOLGA REGION IN BULGARIA 411 SILVESTRI Alberta, FIORETTI Anna Maria, MAURINA Barbara, ZANDONAI Fabiana GLASS FROM LOPPIO (TRENTO, NORTHERN ITALY): AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOMETRIC STUDY 420 Islamic Glass FOY Danièle VERRES ISLAMIQUES DE LA CITADELLE DE DAMAS (IXE-XIIIE S.). UN APERÇU 429 GOMES Rosa Varela ISLAMIC GLASS FROM SILVES’ CASTLE (PORTUGAL) 438 LAVYSH Krystsina NEW FINDS OF ORIENTAL GLASS IN THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS 446 SHINDO Yoko ISLAMIC GLASS WITH IMPRESSED DECORATION: THE PROBLEMS OF DATING AND PRODUCTION 455 Venetian / Façon de Venise Glass VERITÀ Marco, ZECCHIN Sandro THE TECHNOLOGY OF BLUE VENETIAN GLASS: FROM ITS ORIGINS TO THE 17TH CENTURY. HISTORICAL SOURCES AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES 462 MORETTI Cesare (†), GRATUZE Bernard, HREGLICH Sandro LE VERRE AVENTURINE: SON HISTOIRE, LES RECETTES, LES ANALYSES, SA FABRICATION 471 MEDICI Teresa, RADIĆ ROSSI Irena GLASS FINDS FROM THE SHIPWRECK OF CAPE RATAC (ISLAND OF KOLOČEP, CROATIA) 479 TOPIĆ Nikolina OCULI (CROWN GLASS) FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN THE DUBROVNIK REGION 490 FINN Claire DRINKING GLASSES AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY IN THE 17TH-CENTURY DUTCH REPUBLIC 498 STOLYAROVA Ekaterina GLASS BEADS FROM THE BARROW GRAVE IN THE GREATER MOSCOW AREA DATED FROM 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY 505 7 AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 18TH–19TH Century Glass LIKHTER Julia A., VEXLER Alexander G., SUDAREV Nikolay I. TRACES OF GLASS BEAD PRODUCTION IN 18TH CENTURY MOSCOW 512 GRATUZE Bernard LES PREMIERS VERRES «CRISTAL AU PLOMB» PRODUITS EN FRANCE PAR BERNARD PERROT: CONTEMPORAINS DE CEUX DE RAVENSCROFT? 519 MARTINHO Bruno A., VILARIGUES Márcia THE GLASS COLLECTION OF KING FERDINAND II OF PORTUGAL – ASSEMBLING THE PUZZLE 526 RATAJ Jože THE GLASS INDUSTRY IN THE REGIONS OF CELJE AND KOZJANSKO FROM THE MID-17TH CENTURY TO PRESENT DAY 534 VAN GIFFEN N. Astrid R., KNOTHE Florian CHINESE PICTORIAL SCREENS. AN INVESTIGATION OF 19TH CENTURY GLASS CANE PANELS 541 Modern Glass BARDIN Christophe LE CIRVA UN OUTIL DE RECHERCHE ET D'EXPÉRIMENTATION AU SERVICE DE L'ART CONTEMPORAIN 548 STRATIS John A., MAKARONA Christina G., CHARALAMPOUS Eleftherios N., KALOGIOURI Natasa P. GLASS, A MATERIAL INDICATOR OF HUMAN ADVENTURE: A HOLISTIC VIEW 554 MAVROMICHALI Katerina THE HISTORY OF GLASS IN THE CZECH LANDS AND CONTEMPORARY DYNAMICS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE 562 INDEX OF AUTHORS 569 8 Sylvia FÜNFSCHILLING PREFACE Croatia the Archaeological Museum Zagreb and the Museum of Applied Arts and Crafts in Zagreb, the Archaeological Museum of Split, the Zavicajni Museum in Biograd, the Museum of Ancient Glass in Zadar and the National Archaeological Museum of Aquileia in Italy. We are also grateful to all sponsors and beneiciaries who supported the success of the congress both inancially and with their expertise. Seventy-eight papers were given in two parallel sessions, complemented by seventy-four posters. It was extremely interesting to discover the diversity of the excavations and the material of our colleagues on the Balkan Peninsula, made easily accessible due to the translations into English. The publications about materials from the Balkans are far too poorly known amongst the neighbouring countries in Europe and even less so on other continents due to various reasons, such as language, availability etc. It was therefore a particular pleasure to have the rich results of recent research projects “served on a plate”. Of course, the other regions brought new aspects in antique, Islamic and medieval/ modern glass as well. Every third year our members and colleagues gladly await the newest annales of the AIHV congresses. Finally, we can yet again hold another volume, the annales of the 19th congress of our society. Our many thanks go to the authors, the scientiic committee, the editors and the countless helping hands who took part in developing this publication. Special thanks go to Irena Lazar: her tireless efforts on all levels of the organisation could already be felt during the congress and the post-congress-tour. The 19th congress of the AIHV took place from the 17th to 21st of September 2012 in Piran/Slovenia. The University of Primorska Science and Research Centre and Institute for Mediterranean Heritage was a wonderful host. Thank-you to the city of Piran for making it possible to hold our congress in such a lovely environment as the Trevisini Palace and for the cordial welcome by the city mayor. Countless institutions that supported the congress should be mentioned: the Slovenian Research Agency, the National Museum of Slovenia in Ljubljana, the Dolenjska Museum in Novo Mesto, from 9 AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 The interesting papers and posters were ideally complemented by the post-congress tour and the in-congress tours that took us from one highlight to another. The hosting city of Piran, with its winding alleyways, was shown to us in the most loveable way. Very interesting and comprehensive was the museum in Aquileia illed with its most special collection and the impressive basilica with its mosaics. The museums in Slovenia and Croatia presented amongst other things prehistoric pearls (Novo Mesto), glasses from antiquity to the modern age (Ljubljana, Zagreb), inds from shipwrecks (Biograd), as well as form-blown vessels with production signatures (Split), rich burial inds and square bottles with relief on the bottom (Zadar). The reception at each museum was very warm. The time period of the glass discussed spans from the irst millennium BC to the modern age, with the focus, as mentioned earlier, on the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and neighbouring regions. Some papers treated pearls and inlay; many new results were presented about glassand vessel-production. In all the different periods, the analytical discussion included the subjects of the composition of the glass, its origins and colour. The variety of subjects and the number of given papers indicates the extremely lively discussion that is going on in current research on glass. The volume at hand contains 69 contributions that span the complete chronological period from the beginning of glass production to the modern age. Starting with the glass in Bronze Age, the papers continue through the Hellenistic period and enlighten especially the Roman period. Several contributions are dedicated to the Byzantine and Islamic glass, although the Middle Ages and the 17th to 20th century AD are well represented. Not only glass vessels are discussed but also pearls and window glass, special colours and decorations, as well as glass as a grave good and its production sites and, of course, the composition and origin of the raw material. During the general assembly, the board was renewed. Anastasios Antonaras is the new general secretary; Maria Grazia Diani and Karol Wight have become new board members. Huib Tijssens, our merited treasurer was re-elected. Marie Dominique Nenna proposed myself as her successor as president of the society. The executive committee consists now of Erwin Baumgartner and Caroline Jackson, as well as the re-elected members Yoko Shindo, Marianne Stern and Lisa Pilosi. There were no changes among the presidents of the national committees, board members too. We would like to thank the whole board for their on-going commitment, especially Marie-Dominique Nenna, who still contributes the largest part of the newsletter after Daniel Keller had to announce his retirement from this assignment. With great grief, we had to take notice of the deaths of Hubert Cabart, Birgit Klesse, David Whitehouse and Dunja Zobel-Klein. The preparations for the 20th congress are in full swing. It will take place from the 7th to 11th September in Fribourg and Romont (Switzerland) (www.aihv2015.ch). The focus will be laid on medieval and modern glass. The members of ICOM-Glass will meet at the same time in Fribourg, which hopefully will encourage collaboration between the two institutions. Translation Simone Mayer 10 Sylvia FÜNFSCHILLING AVANT-PROPOS Tous les trois ans, nos membres et collègues ont le plaisir de recevoir les actes des congrès de l’AIHV: ça y est, nous tenons l’exemplaire du 19ème congrès entre nos mains. Nous adressons un grand merci aux auteur(e)s, au comité scientiique, aux éditeurs ainsi qu’aux nombreux auxiliaires, qui ont contribué à la publication. Il faut évoquer en particulier Irena Lazar : son engagement insatiable sur tous les plans de l’organisation se laissa déjà remarquer durant le congrès et pendant le tour post-congrès. Le 19ème congrès de l’AIHV a eu lieu du 17 au 21 septembre 2012 à Piran, en Slovénie. L’université Primorska Science and Research Centre and Institute for Mediterranean Heritage s’est avéré être un hôte très accueillant. Il nous faut aussi remercier la ville de Piran : Nous avons pu organiser notre congrès dans un très bel endroit, le palais Trevisini, et avons été reçus chaleureusement par le maire. Il faut nommer également de nombreuses institutions, qui ont soutenu le congrès : la Slovenian Research Agency, le Musée National de Slowenie à Ljubljana, le Dolenjska Museum de Novo Mesto, en Croatie le Musée 11 Archeologique de Zagreb et le Musée des arts appliqués à Zagreb, le Musée archéologique de Split, le musée Zavicajni de Biograd, le Musée du Verre Antique à Zadar ainsi que le National Archaeological Museum de Aquileia en Italie. Nous remercions inalement tous nos mécènes et contributeurs, qui ont contribué inancièrement ou par leur savoir-faire au succès du congrès. En deux sections parallèles, nous avons écoutés 78 exposés. Ceux-ci ont été complétés par 74 contributions sur poster. Cela a été grandement intéressant de pouvoir découvrir les fouilles variées de nos collègues des Balkans ainsi que leur matériel, et ça avec un accès facilité grâce aux traductions en anglais! Les publications concernant les Balkans sont, de façon générale dans les pays voisins d’Europe ou sur d’autres continents, trop peu prises en compte – à cause de plusieurs facteurs, comme la langue, la disponibilité des publications, etc. C’était par conséquent un d’autant plus grand plaisir de recevoir des résultats complets « tout frais ». A côté de ça, les autres régions ont également permis de porter un nouveau regard AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 sur le verre antique, islamique et médiéval/ d’époque moderne. Les exposés et posters intéressants ont été complétés au mieux par l’excursion d’après le congrès ainsi que par les excursions durant la semaine, qui nous ont menés de point fort en point fort. La ville hôte de Piran avec ses petites rues tortueuses nous a été présentée avec un soin particulier. Aquilée, avec son musée comprenant une collection exceptionnelle ainsi que l’impressionnante basilique, s’est montrée une ville très intéressante et complète. Les musées en Slovénie et en Croatie présentèrent entre autres des perles préhistoriques (Novo Mesto) ainsi que des verres de l’Antiquité jusqu’à l’époque moderne (Ljubljana, Zagreb), des objets d’épaves de navires (Biograd) ainsi que des récipients formés par moule avec signatures des producteurs (Split) et de riches objets de tombes ainsi que des bouteilles carrées avec marques sur les fonds (Zadar). Les accueils dans les musées respectifs ont été très chaleureux. La période du verre traité couvrait du premier millénaire av. J.-C. jusqu’à l’époque moderne. L’attention était portée, comme déjà évoqué, sur les Balkans, la Grèce, la Turquie et les régions limitrophes. Certaines contributions ont traité des perles ainsi que des travaux d’incrustation, de nombreuses découvertes concernant la production du verre et de récipients ont pu être mises en valeur. En complément, des questions sur la composition du verre, de son origine et de sa couleur ont pu être analysées à travers tous les âges. La thématique variée et le nombre des contributions montrent clairement que la recherche du verre est remarquablement foisonnante. Le rapport ci-joint comprend 69 contributions, qui comportent l’entier de la chronologie, des débuts de production du verre jusqu’à l’époque moderne. Ils commencent au verre de l’âge du Bronze, touchent à l’époque hellénistique et mettent l’accent particulièrement sur l’époque romaine. Plusieurs contributions sont consacrées au verre byzantin et islamique, mais l’époque médiévale ainsi que les 17e au 20e siècles sont bien représentés. Autant des récipients en verre que des perles et du verre de fenêtres sont thématisés, mais aussi du verre comme offrande de tombe, des ateliers et naturellement la composition et l’origine des matériaux bruts. Durant l’assemblée générale, le conseil a été renouvelé. Anastasio Antonaras est nouvellement secrétaire général, Maria Grazia Diani et Karol Wight sont nouveaux membres du conseil. Huib Tijssens, notre méritant trésorier, a été à nouveau élu. Marie Dominique Nenna a proposé ma personne en tant que successeur de la présidence. Erwin Baumgartner et Caroline Jackson sont nouveaux membres du comité exécutif; les places des autres représentants, Yoko Shindo, Marianne Stern et Lisa Pilosi, ont été conirmées. Pour ce qui concerne le président des comités nationaux (eux aussi membres du conseil), aucun changement n’est à noter. Nous adressons nos remerciements à tous, en particulier à Marie-Dominique Nenna pour son engagement, qui se fait toujours sentir par sa gestion de la plus grande partie de la newsletter, après que Daniel Keller a annoncé son retrait de cette fonction. Nous avons avec le plus grand chagrin pris connaissance des décès de Hubert Cabart, Birgit Klesse, David Whitehouse ainsi que de Dunja Zobel-Klein. Les préparations pour le 20ème congrès battent leur plein. Celui-ci aura lieu du 7 au 11 septembre à Fribourg et à Romont (Suisse) (www.aihv2015.ch). L’attention sera centrée sur le verre médiéval et moderne. Les membres de l’ICOM-glass se rencontreront parallèlement à Fribourg, ain de consolider le travail en commun entre les deux institutions. Traduction Johann Savary 12 Sylvia FÜNFSCHILLING VORWORT Alle drei Jahre freuen sich unsere Mitglieder sowie Kollegen auf die Akten der Kongresse der AIHV: nun ist es wieder soweit, wir halten den Band des 19. Kongresses unserer Gesellschaft in Händen. Den Autorinnen und Autoren, dem wissenschaftlichen Komitee, den Editoren sowie den zahlreichen helfenden Händen, die an der Entstehung der Publikation mitbeteiligt waren, ist höchster Dank auszusprechen. Besonderer Erwähnung bedarf Irena Lazar: ihr unermüdlicher Einsatz auf allen Ebenen der Organisation war bereits während des Kongresses und während der Post-KongressTour spürbar. Der 19. Kongress der AIHV fand vom 17.-21. September 2012 in Piran/Slowenien statt. Die Universität Primorska Science and Research Centre and Institute for Mediterranean Heritage war ein wundervoller Gastgeber. Dank auszuprechen ist der Stadt Piran, wir durften in einer sehr schönen Umgebung, im Trevisini Palace, unseren Kongress abhalten und wurden vom Bürgermeister herzlich empfangen. Zahlreichen Institutionen ist zu danken, die den Kongress unterstützt haben: der 13 Slovenian Research Agency, dem Slowenischen Nationalmuseum in Ljubljana, dem Dolenjska Museum in Novo Mesto, dem Archäologischen Museum Zagreb, dem Archäologischen Museum Split, dem Zavičajni Museum Biograd in Biograd na moru, dem Museum für antikes Glas in Zadar sowie dem Nationalen Archäologischen Museum in Aquileia/Italien. Zu Dank verplichtet sind wir den Sponsoren und Gönnern, die inanziell und mit know-how das Gelingen des Kongresses unterstützt haben. In zwei parallelen Sektionen hörten wir 78 Vorträge. Ergänzt wurden diese durch 74 Beiträge auf Postern. Es war ausserordentlich interessant, die vielfältigen Ausgrabungen und deren spannendes Material unserer Kollegen auf dem Balkan entdecken zu können, mit erleichtertem Zugang durch die Übersetzungen ins Englische! Die Publikationen den Balkan betreffend werden – aufgrund mehrerer Ursachen, wie Sprache, Verfügbarkeit usw. – in den benachbarten Ländern Europas oder gar auf anderen Kontinenten oft wenig zu Kenntnis genommen. Es war deshalb ein besonderes Vergnügen, die reichhaltigen und AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 spannenden Ergebnisse „frisch auf den Tisch“ zu bekommen. Aber auch die übrigen Regionen boten neue Einblicke in antikes, islamisches sowie mittelalterlich/neuzeitliches Glas. Die interessanten Vorträge und Poster wurden auf’s Beste ergänzt durch die PostcongressTour sowie Auslüge während der Woche, die uns von Höhepunkt zu Höhepunkt führten. Die Gastgeberstadt Piran mit seinen verwinkelten Gassen wurde uns besonders liebevoll nahegebracht. Sehr interessant und reichhaltig zeigte sich Aquileia, das Museum mit seiner ausserordentlichen Sammlung wie auch die eindrückliche Basilika mit ihren Mosaiken. Die Museen präsentierten u.a. prähistorische Perlen (Novo Mesto) sowie Gläser von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit (Ljubljana, Zagreb), Funde aus gestrandeten Schiffen (Biograd) ebenso wie formgeblasene Gefässe mit Herstellersignaturen (Split) und reiche Grabfunde sowie vierkantige Flaschen mit Bodenmarken (Zadar). Die Empfänge in den jeweiligen Museen waren sehr herzlich. Die zeitliche Spanne des behandelten Glases reichte vom ersten Jahrtausend vor Chr. bis zur Moderne. Der Fokus lag – wie bereits erwähnt – auf dem Balkan, auf Griechenland und der Türkei und angrenzenden Regionen. Einige Beiträge behandelten Perlen sowie Einlegearbeiten, zahleiche neue Erkenntnisse konnten bei der Glas bzw. Gefässproduktion gewonnen werden. Ergänzend durch alle Zeiten wurden Fragen zur Komposition des Glases, dessen Herkunft, Farbe analytisch beleuchtet. Die unterschiedliche Thematik und die Vielzahl der Beiträge zeigen deutlich, dass die Glasforschung ausserordentlich lebendig ist. Der vorliegende Band umfasst 69 Beiträge, die die gesamte chronologische Spanne von den Anfängen der Glasverarbeitung bis zur Moderne umfassen. Sie beginnen beim bronzezeitlichem Glas, streifen die hellenistische Zeit und beleuchten besonders die römische Epoche. Mehrere Beiträge sind dem byzantinischen und islamischen Glas gewidmet, aber auch die mittelalterliche Epoche, sowie das 17. -20. Jahrhundert sind gut vertreten. Sowohl Glasgefässe kommen zur Sprache, wie auch Perlen und Fensterglas, spezielle Farben und Verzierungen, aber auch Glas als Grabbeigabe sowie Ateliers und natürlich Komposition und Herkunft des Rohmaterials. Während der Generalversammlung wurde das board erneuert. Anastasios Antonaras ist neuer General Sekretär, Maria Grazia Diani und Karol Wight wurden neue board members. Huib Tijssens, unser verdienter treasurer wurde wiedergewählt. Marie Dominique Nenna schlug meine Person als ihre Nachfolgerin für die Präsidentschaft vor. Im Exekutive Kommitee sitzen neu Erwin Baumgartner und Caroline Jackson, die übrigen Vertreter wie Yoko Shindo, Marianne Stern und Lisa Pilosi wurden bestätigt, bei den Präsidenten der nationalen Kommitteen gab es keine Änderungen. Wir danken allen, insbesondere Marie-Dominique Nenna, für ihr Engagement, das immer noch andauert: steuert sie doch den weitaus grössten Teil zum newsletter bei, nachdem Daniel Keller seinen Rücktritt von dieser Aufgabe bekannt geben musste. In tiefer Trauer mussten wir den Tod von David Whitehouse, Hubert Cabart, Birgit Klesse sowie Dunja Zobel-Klein zur Kenntnis nehmen. Die Vorbereitungen für den 20. Kongress laufen auf Hochtouren. Er wird vom 7. bis 11. September in Fribourg und Romont (Schweiz) stattinden (www.aihv2015.ch). Der Focus wird dabei auf dem mittelalterlichen und modernen Glas liegen. Die Mitglieder von ICOM-Glass werden sich ebenfalls in Fribourg treffen, auf dass die Zusammenarbeit zwischen den beiden Institutionen gestärkt werde. 14 DA CRUZ Mário, SÁNCHEZ DE PRADO Maria Dolores GLASS WORKING SITES IN HISPANIA: WHAT WE KNOW This study is the outcome of collaborative work between Spanish and Portuguese researchers, conducted in order to put Iberian roman glass back at the centre of European glass studies, by bringing together all glass working sites found so far in the Iberian Peninsula. Besides doing the state of the matter exercise, we have actively looked for new unpublished sites and reviewed the ones that have already been published. This updating exercise has been carried out according to the most recent scientiic criteria and directly on site, whenever possible. The outcome of this work is presented here for the irst time in the form of a map and a catalogue. The aim is that it may serve as a starting point for future studies and may be regularly reviewed and updated. crIterIa The selection of sites was based on a short list of glass working examples that are: melted glass, tools, crucibles (also known as pots), row glass, glass slag, glass waste, moulds and furnaces. However, not all examples are equally reliable, which is why it is highly recommended to consider different examples and not refer to one alone. Melted glass, tools and opaque row glass are less reliable, because melted glass can be originate from incineration piles; glass working tools are not very distinct from other tools and opaque row glass can be associated with mosaic making. The other criteria are more reliable if correctly identiied. Row glass came usually in the form of small lumps with lintlike fractures. Crucibles, as much as moulds, can be recognized by the internal glassy or burned surfaces, which are usually rough and irregular, unlike glazed pottery. Glass slag refers to the unclean and shapeless glass that dribbles from the crucibles or the fusing tanks. Under the common name of ‘glass waste,’ there is a wide range of glass working by-products: from simple glass drops, trails and rods - sometimes twisted or showing tooling marks - to the more distinctive moils - that is the glass from around the end of the blowing iron - or even the wasters, the distorted and discarded vessels. Finally, 178 GLASS WORKING SITES IN HISPANIA: WHAT WE KNOW the furnaces and the workshop structure can be easily recognized archaeologically as long as there is evidence of other glass production, such as glass slag impregnating the furnace. No textual or epigraphic reference to secondary glass production has yet been found in Portugal or Spain. the glass workIng sItes The current survey includes a total of 32 sites and 7 uncertain sites that are not shown here, but we believe that many more are waiting to be excavated or simply identiied and published. The irst impression is that secondary glass production in Hispania appears to be as proliic and relevant as in any other roman province. France alone counted one hundred workshops in a 2010 survey.1 It is expected that virtually all the important towns in Hispania featured one or more workshops that specialised in what would not be much different from pottery or metalwork. For instance, in Bracara Augusta and Augusta Emerita, the existence of at least three glass workshops has been revealed in both cases. In the 4th and 5th century this industry developed even further in some secondary towns, often along the main trading routes, both terrestrial and maritime. A close look at Figure 1 shows that the sites seem to be concentrated in four main regions, corresponding to the area of inluence of the provincial capitals of Hispania. This fact alone suggests that these towns acted as doorways for glass production in Hispania, from where it spread to neighbouring cities and thus, it is highly probable that these regions remained regional glass production centres. We have Tarraco and the Ebro valley; Chartago Nova and the littoral of the Chartaginensis province; Emerita Augusta and the north-eastern part of the Lusitanian province; Bracara Augusta and the western part of the Callaecia province. We also notice the almost complete absence of sites in the Iberian southwest, which corresponds to the south-western part of Lusitania and the entire Betica province. We are convinced 1 Foy 2010, 31. 179 Fig. 1: Glass working sites in Hispania (the numbers refer to the catalogue). that this is due to a lack of research and information and not exactly to the absence of glass production. As a general rule, we can assume that each glass working site corresponds to a workshop and in some cases, more than one. We can also assume that all of them are secondary workshops, producing glass objects and vessels from row glass or cullet and not from basic raw materials. There is still no suficient evidence of primary production in the Hispania roman provinces in spite of the well known quote from Pliny2 referring to the use of local sand. This does not mean that primary production did not take place in Hispania, but rather that it is yet to be identiied and in any case, it must had been residual and geographically limited. Recent archaeometric studies carried out in the northwest of Hispania have revealed the massive presence of Eastern Mediterranean glass3 as it occurs across the Western Roman Empire. catalogue 1. Iluro Torre Llauder (Mataró, Barcelona, ES) Several news items on glass working sites have been recorded in this ancient Laietan town 2 3 Plin. Nat. Hist. 36.66, 194. Cruz 2009, 37 ff. AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 and its surroundings,4 among which stands out Torre Llauder, where four square furnaces have been documented. Inside theses furnaces were found a great amount of glass slag and melted glass along with glass vessels and lat glass.5 According to Jennifer Price,6 the workshop would have been operating during the 2nd century. 2. Tarraco “el Pasaje Cobos” (Tarragona, ES) A dump dated around AD 25-50 has revealed, among many other inds, two distorted cylindrical glass fragments that Jennifer Price7 identiied as two possible pontil rings or moils. 3. Tarraco “el basurero de Vila-Roma” (Tarragona, ES) This dump has revealed at least three fragments of moils,8 suggesting the existence of a glass workshop operating in the irst half of the 5th century9 and integrated in an artisan quarter in the area of the former Provincial Forum. 4. Caesaraugusta Roman theatre and Gavín-Sepulcro Street (Zaragoza, ES) Glass waste, glass slag and row glass were found on these two sites in association with fragments of glass vessels, mostly from local production, which prove that glass working was still in place by the end of the second half of the 5th century.10 5. Celsa “Casa de los delines” (Velilla del Ebro, Zaragoza, ES) 4 Juncosa and Clariana (1984, 42 ff) refers to the existence of glass furnaces in a nearby roman villa as Figuera Major, Cirera and even Can Rafart, in association with partially melted glass and fragments of crucibles. 5 Ribas Bertrán 1972, 130 ff, figs. 8 and 9. 6 Price 1981, 398 ff. 7 Price 1981, 402 and 619 ff. 8 Benet and Subias 1989, 343, 9.71-9.72. 9 Idem, 346. A glass furnace has also been recorded in the Paleochristian necropolis (Price 1981, 402). 10 Ortiz 2001, 407, fig. 127. Excavations on the so-called “House of the dolphins”, in the former colony of Celsa, permitted the recovery of waste related to glass working in layers dated around AD 54/60.11 It is mainly composed of lumps of row glass, both opaque and translucent, used either to produce small objects or for blown glass vessels. 6. Pradejón-Calahorra “el alfar de La Maja” (La Rioja, ES) This roman pottery provides numerous examples of glass blowing, such as glass waste and cullet, together with a furnace and different sorts of metal tools.12 Among these tools, are a blowing iron, tweezers and an iron object in the shape of a rectangular box. This furnace would have been running during the second half of 1st century.13 7. Valentia Sabater Street 9 (Valencia, ES) Part of a building hosting a round glass furnace has been located in the historic centre of Valencia.14 Along with these constructions were found all sorts of glass waste, such as lid-like moils (Pl. 4), row glass and window glass for recycling. According to Albiach and Soriano,15 the inds from the overthrow layers point to the irst quarter of the 4th century. 8. Villa El Albir (Alfaz del Pi, Alicante, ES) A great amount of glass waste from blown vessels was documented among the baths of this roman villa. Among the homogeneous yellowish green glass, there were lumps of row glass, semi-fused glass, glass drops and a great number of trails. The presence of this glass and other related material indicates that a small glass workshop had occupied the old bath facilities around the irst half of the 5th century.16 11 12 27. 13 14 15 16 180 Paz 1998, 529 ff, fig. 259. González and Garrido 2002, 22 ff, figs. 1, 25Idem 32. Albiach and Soriano 1989, 726, figs. 1 and 2. Idem 729. Sánchez de Prado 2009, 168 ff, fig. 10, 7-9. GLASS WORKING SITES IN HISPANIA: WHAT WE KNOW Plate 1: A 4th century glass furnace from the CTT workshop, Braga (No. 26). Plate 2: Lumps of yellowish brown row glass from Colector Colón, Vigo (No. 28). 9. Alicante El Barrio de Benalúa (Alicante, ES) The excavation of two archaeological dumps in this urban district has provided ceramic and glass materials in abundance so as to corroborate the existence of a nearby artisan area. Among scores of fragments of glass vessels for recycling, it was possible to document an important amount of debris related to the activity of glass blowing.17 The recovered vessels conirm the advanced date of the 6th century. the remains of a working bench, fragments of crucibles and a dump.20 10. Carthago Nova Honda Street 17 (Cartagena, Murcia, ES) The remains of a round furnace,18 along with abundant glass slag, were identiied in room II of a house converted into a glass workshop in the 3rd century. The abandon layers, where a large amount of glass slag and glass waste19 was found, dated from around the end of the 4th century to the 5th century. 11. Carthago Nova Cerro del Molinete (Cartagena, Murcia, ES) The excavations carried out on the west slope of the hill of Molinete allowed the documentation of an important artisan such as a glass workshop dated to between the 3rd and the 5th century, that featured part of a ire chamber of a furnace, 17 Idem 178 ff, fig. 11, 5-8. 18 Fernández Matallana 2009, foil 3. 19 Idem 147, fig. 4 and foil 4. 181 12. Lorca Eugenio Úbeda Street 12-14 (Murcia, ES) At this location, structures linked to domestic and artisan activities were identiied in two distinct sectors, along with evidence of glass working in late roman layers.21 In the west sector was located a raft, illed in the second half of the 3rd century, with waste from artisan activities such as pottery and glass making. Among the waste, there was cullet and glass waste, like trails, glass slag, lumps of row glass and moils.22 13. Villa Hellín Albacete, ES The excavation of this roman villa brought to light the structures of two furnaces, one large and one small. The small one has a round plan with a funnel shape entryway, shows some glass slag inside and is supposed to have been used for glass making.23 It is a patrician villa with an artisan area, which had been functioning since the end of the 1st century AD and reached its peak during the 3rd century. 14. Los Barrios Venta del Carmen (Cádiz, ES) The pottery of Venta del Carmen would have housed a glass workshop producing mainly 20 21 22 23 Egea et al. 2006, 36. Martínez and Ponce 1999, 324. Sánchez de Prado 2004, fig. 9. Abad, Gutiérrez, Sanz 1998, 93 ff. AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 Plate 3: Glass waste from Maximinos, Braga (No. 24). unguentaria. A signiicant amount of failed vessels were recovered on a waste dump. This workshop could have already been working around the year 80 of our era.24 15. Augusta Emerita The National Museum of Roman Arte site (Mérida, Badajoz, ES) During excavations carried out in 1970, two deep bowls were recovered on a dump area, with vitreous remains on its inner surface, interpreted as moulds and related to the so-called “workshop number 2”. The layer in which they were found was dated to the Julio-Claudian era onwards and the workshop is supposed to have persisted until the 4th century.25 16. Augusta Emerita Cerro San Albín (Mérida, Badajoz, ES) Nearby this hill26 were located 34 glass pieces that were revealed to be glass waste known as “moils”,27 together with what was left from some iron tools, like 5 blowing irons, tweezers and shears. These inds demonstrate the presence of a glass workshop located outside the city walls in an artisan area, along with potteries. The context has been dated by a set of coins from the 4th century.28 24 Fuentes 1998, 268 ff. 25 Caldera de Castro 1983, 69. 26 Idem, 66 ff. 27 Price 1981, pl. 6-9. 28 According to Jennifer Price (2004, 21), the characteristics of the glass points to the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century. 17. Augustobriga Talavera la Vieja, Cáceres, ES An artisan area, attached to the city wall, was identiied during an archaeological survey on the site. Two ceramic moulds were then found: one was a decorated terra sigillata mould and the other was the base of a square glass bottle with a mark, composed by four concentric circles in low relief under a thin layer of glaze. The associated material was dated to around the second half of the 1st century AD and the beginning of the 2nd century.29 18. Ammaia South Gate Aramenha, Marvão, PT The excavations carried out in the south gate sector revealed substantial evidence of glass working such glass slag, lumps of row glass, moils, and different sorts of glass waste with tooling marks. These examples are mainly concentrated inside the east tower, which leads to the supposition that this tower may have been used as a glass workshop - at least by the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century, according to the date of the associated glass vessels.30 19. Ávila San Vicente Park (Ávila, ES) Two furnaces were identiied during archaeological excavations; one dedicated to pottery and the other to glass. The glass furnace preserved the base of the combustion chamber and was associated with glass waste related inds. The materials recovered in the abandon layers points to a chronology originating from the 4th-5th century and may extend to the 6th century.31 20. Ávila Padres Paules convent (Ávila, ES) The excavations in this ancient convent enabled the identiication of a glass furnace with an oval 29 Aguilar-Tablada and Sánchez de Prado 2006, 182 ff, figs. 3 and 4. 30 Unpublished data collected by Mario da Cruz. Ongoing study. 31 Martínez et al. 2004, 427, figs. 1-3. 182 GLASS WORKING SITES IN HISPANIA: WHAT WE KNOW plan and vaulted section. Associated with the ind were several deposits of ashes, glass slag and misshapen glass vessels. The furnace would have been running between the 2nd century and the second half of the 4th century, when the place was renovated.32 21. Recópolis Zorita de los Canes, Guadalajara, ES The excavations in this Visigoth new town enabled archaeologists to locate the remains of a furnace used for glass production that would have been running between the end of the 4th century and the beginning of the 7th century.33 The furnace preserved the combustion chamber, of circular plan, coated with tiles with glazed surfaces. A great volume of glass slag and small fragments of crucibles were found nearby.34 22. Conimbriga Condeixa-a-Velha, Coimbra, PT The existence of local glass production was irst raised after the discovery of glass slag, row glass and refractory clay with glass runoff35 - although residual and scattered - in contexts dating back to the end of the 1st century AD. More recently, while checking these inds, we realized that there was no evidence of moils or other related glass blowing waste. Instead, there was a large amount of glass beads, some of them misshapen or uninished, which leads us to propose the existence of a glass workshop that specialized in the production of small glass adornments. The type of beads and its colours, mostly dark blue, as much as its context points to a chronology originating from the irst half of the 1st century or earlier. 23. Castellum Madiae Alvarelhos, Trofa, PT A semi-circular structure, interpreted as a glass furnace, was identiied in the so-called “domus 32 Marcos Herrán 2006. 33 Castro and Gómez 2008, 123. 34 Idem, 118 ff, figs. 2 and 5. 35 Alarcão 1964, 56; Alarcão and Alarcão 1965, 16; Alarcão 1994, 15 and 83. 183 Plate 4: Lid-like moils from Sabater Street, Valencia (No. 7). of the handicraft complex”36 with a chronology that originates from the beginning of the 4th century to the mid 5th century. The associated evidence for glass production consists mainly of glass slag that impregnated the loor and the furnace stone elements.37 24. Bracara Augusta Maximinos – Casa do poço (Braga, PT) The irst evidence of local glass production from Braga was identiied in the so-called “Well house”38 and included all sorts of glass waste (Pl. 3), such as moils and lumps of row glass, as well as small fragments of crucibles with adherent rough glass. A furnace and bricks covered with glass have also been reported. The associated ceramic materials, dating back to the 1st century, indicate that this could have been the irst glass workshop in town.39 25. Bracara Augusta Fujacal (Braga, PT) The area of the former “farmer of Fujacal” and the adjacent street of São Geraldo have revealed all sorts of glass working evidence, ranging from row glass to glass waste and even bricks covered 36 37 38 39 Moreira 2009, 402, pl. LVI. Idem, 403. Sousa and Oliveira 1982. Cruz 2009, 236. AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 with glass,40 mostly found in contexts associated with the construction of the late roman wall by the end of the 3rd century to the beginning of the 4th century. We can assume that production was already running during the 3rd century and there is strong evidence that it was not interrupted by the construction of the wall, but carried on until the end of the 5th century to the irst half of the 6th century according to the dating of some discarded vessels.41 The dispersion of this evidence suggests the existence of more than one workshop in the area. 26. Bracara Augusta CTT (Braga, PT) The best preserved glass workshop ever found in Braga was excavated in 2008 in the block of the former post ofice. Besides a great amount of cullet and all sorts of glass waste,42 there was an almost complete building with two round furnaces (Pl. 1) corresponding to two different phases of the workshop. It was built extramurally on a former burial ground around the irst half of the 4th century and abandoned in the second half of the 5th century.43 27. Tude Tui, Pontevedra, ES A combustion structure, interpreted as a glass furnace, was documented on the street Loureiro and was associated with numerous glass waste, such as moils, trails, glass slag, row glass and also clay with dribbled glass. The proposed chronology for the site originates from around the 4th to the 6th century; however, the few glass vessels identiied points rather to the second half of the 5th to the 6th century.44 28. Vicus Helleni Colector Colón (Vigo, Pontevedra, ES) The irst evidence of a local glass production came to light during the opening of a storm sewer 40 Idem, 186 ff, 236. 41 Idem, 188 ff, fig.s 24.2.2.3a, no. 3 and 7. 42 Idem 217 ff and 237; Cruz 2011, 25. 43 A recent revision of the data also led to the revision of the previously proposed chronology for the first furnace as being Early Empire (Cruz 2011, 25). 44 Vilaseco 2003; Cruz 2009, 250. on street Colón and consisted of a waste pit illed with lumps of raw glass (Pl. 2) and waste glass, such as moils and failed glass vessels, suggesting that the workshop was dismantled during the irst half of the 5th century.45 29. Vicus Helleni Rosalia de Castro Avenue (Vigo, Pontevedra, ES) Evidence of a new glass production site was found in a sector known as “O areal”. Along with crushed glass (cullet), glass slag, glass waste and lumps of row glass were also found.46 A small and round combustion structure, possibly a furnace, was discovered in “parcela 4” (plot 4). The associated glass vessels point to the second half of the 5th century to the irst half of the 6th century. 30. Aquis Celenis Caldas de Reis, Pontevedra, ES) Recent archaeological excavations on street Ferreiro of this ancient thermal town revealed a small but informative amount of glass waste, as well as glass drops, lumps of row glass and a moil. The site is supposed to have a chronology originating from the irst half of the 5th century to the irst half of the 6th century.47 31. Lucus Agusti Lugo, ES The existence of a local glass workshop was first proposed following the discovery of two combustion structures, interpreted as possible glass furnaces.48 Recent surveys allowed the identification of glass waste, for example row glass with impressions of the crucibles, in three different areas probably corresponding to a single glass workshop whose materials were dispersed. The use of crucibles and the colour of the glass suggest that the workshop was operating during the 4 th century or later.49 45 46 47 48 49 184 Cruz 2009, 244 ff. Idem, 246 ff. Idem, 252. Xusto Rodríguez 2001, 123. Cruz 2009, 242. GLASS WORKING SITES IN HISPANIA: WHAT WE KNOW 32. Asturica Augusta Antiguo Hospicio (Astorga, León, ES) The existence of local glass production has already been suggested by the catalogue of the local museum,50 although additional accurate data concerning the chronology and origin is absent. More recently, our survey has detected some glass waste on the site of the “Former Hospice,” bearing strong evidence of a nearby workshop51 that would have been running from the second half of the 1st century to the 3 rd century. Moreover, the discovery of a lump of row glass with the impressions of a crucible on street Garcia Prieto may suggest the existence of a second workshop in town.52 50 Amare Tafalla 2002, fig. 20. 51 Cruz 2009, 238-241. 52 Idem, fig. 5.1.2a-5. 185 AIHV Annales du 19e Congrès, 2012 references Abad, L., Gutiérrez, S., Sanz, R., 1998. El Tolmo de Minateda. Una historia de tres mil quinientos años. Toledo, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha. Aguilar-Tablada, B., Sánchez de Prado, M.D., 2006. ‘Evidencias de un taller de vidrio en la ciudad romana de Augustobriga (Talavera la Vieja, Cáceres)’. Lucentum 25, 177-193. Alarcão, A., 1994. Colecções do Museu Monográico de Conimbriga. Lisboa, Instituto Português de Museus. 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Estudio de los restos de fabricación de un taller de ungüentos’ in Bernal, D. ed., Excavaciones arqueológicas en el alfar romano de la Venta del Carmen, Los Barrios (Cádiz) (Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 255-276. González, A. and Garrido, J., 2002. ‘El alfar de La Maja. Informe de la Campaña 2001. La fabricación del vidrio soplado en el alfar. Una oficina pionera en el occidente latino’. Estrato 13, 20-33. Juncosa, R. and Clariana, J.F., 1984. ‘El vidre a Mataró’. Fulls del Museu Arxiu de Santa Maria 21, 39-46. Marcos Herrán, F.J., 2006. ‘El horno tardorromano y su producción vitrea en el solar de los padres paúles’ in Estremera Portela, M.S. ed., Arqueologia urbana en Ávila, la intervención en los solares del Palacio de Don Gaspar del Águila y Bracamonte. 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